Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models estimate population average effects, and account for non-independence of observations.
Hubbard, A. E., Ahern, J., Fleischer, N. L., Van der Laan, M., Satariano, S. A., Jewell, N., ... & Satariano, W. A. (2010). To GEE or not to GEE: Comparing population average and mixed models for estimating the associations between neighborhood risk factors and health. Epidemiology, 21(4), 467-474. http://spot.lib.auburn.edu/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25680575
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Methodology